Realism: Beyond the Literal

Realistic art. Literal depiction. What else? That might be the first thought popping up in your head whenever you come across a piece of art from the realism movement. Though it is true that realism in art seeks to depict life and reality without embellishment nor artificiality, it often reflects the nuances of the lives of the working class without idealization. Yet, we often dismiss these works as mere technical exercises. This perception overlooks the emotional depth and social commentary embedded in realist art. Realism is not about copying the world – it’s about revealing it.

The Dutch Golden Age: Embedded Symbols

One of the most interesting periods in art history that challenges the notion of realism as sole representation was the Dutch Golden Age in the 17th century. During that time, the Netherlands was experiencing economic prosperity because of the development of arts and sciences. Flower paintings became popular during that time. Unlike the past when flower paintings served the purpose of being decorative art, the art paintings during the Dutch Golden Age was considered to be a reflection of the cultural and economic zeitgeist of that time. The rich merchants acquired wealth through trading and found that these life paintings of still life were a good way of showing off and exhibiting their success. Therefore, still-life and floral paintings were highly valued and cost a lot during that period. This has encouraged many artists such as Rachel Ruysch to pursue and develop still-life painting.

Flower still life with a watch, Willem van Aelst (1663) (Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_Still_life_with_a_watch)

Flower Still Life by Rachel Ruysch (1726) (Image from https://smarthistory.org/ruysch-flower-still-life/)

Rachel Ruysch’s paintings were not merely botanical studies but rather vanitas paintings in disguise. “Vanitas” is a passage taken from the Christian bible, meaning that all things will die and that beauty fades. It was a reminder that material things do not last long and our life is short. Her paintings were reminders of life’s fleeting beauty and the inevitability of decay.

Flower paintings were not just decorative objects anymore; they were evolved into a language, imbued with hidden meanings. During the Dutch Golden Age, floral paintings involved hidden symbolism and allegories. For example, the types of flowers portrayed, the state of the flowers, and the objects surrounding the flowers like insects all hold hidden meanings. They hold specific meanings for life, wealth, and beauty.

Close up of “Still Life with Flowers" by Rachel Ruysch

For instance, the depiction of sunflowers alludes to God and christanity. By associating human life with Christianity and religion, Ruysch suggests that Human life is holy and sacred.

Nonetheless, the illustrations of tulips were symbolic of the ephemeral nature of life. As tulips were popular in the 1600s, demand was high and it became a luxury item. However, the market for tulips collapsed in 1637. Thus, by associating the collapse of the market with tulips, tulips represent the ephemeral nature of life - temporary and only lasts a short period of time

By including hidden meanings and symbolism in her painting, Ruysch reflects on the human life cycle, suggesting that life is beautiful but fragile and does not last long. She challenges the conventional decorative feature of still-life paintings, proving that still-life paintings can be meaningful and related to our lives.

Realism as Revelation

Realism is not about copying the world – it’s about revealing it. Realism demands that we look closer to find meanings. The meaning isn’t hidden; it’s embedded in the everyday, waiting for those willing to see beyond the surface.

So next time you pass by a "boring" realistic artwork, remember: the ordinary is often the most extraordinary and take your time to appreciate.